Improved charcoal stove (Burjiko/Girgire). 0.0871. Cell phone unicef/somalia/SOM_resources_annualreport2015.pdf. USAID. (2012).
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This report was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Mark Langworthy, Maryada Vallet, Stephanie Martin, Tom Bower and Towfique Aziz . The authors acknowledge research and writing supports also from Tim Frankenberger, Niloy Chowdhury and Emma Barker – Perez. v iews of the United States Agency for International Development or of the United States Government.
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i Ta ble of Contents List of Acronyms .. .. .. .. iv List of Tables .. .. .. .. . vi List of Figures .. .. .. .. x Executive Summary .. .. .. xi Chapter 1 Introduction .. .. .. .. 1 The Enhancing Re silience and Growth in Somalia Program .. .. 1 STORRE Project .. .. .. .. .. 2 PROGRESS Project .. .. .. .. 3 REAL Project .. .. .. .. .. 3 What is Resilience Capacity and Why Resilience in Somalia? .. .. 4 Resilience and Resilience Capacity Defi ned .. .. .. . 4 Country Context Related to Resilience in Somalia .. .. .. 5 Purpose and Organization of this Report .. .. .. 7 Chapter 2 Methodology .. .. .. . 9 Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis .. .. .. . 9 Sample Design .. .. .. .. 9 Data Collection .. .. .. .. .. 10 Data Analysis .. .. .. .. 11 Qualitative Data Collection and Analy sis .. .. .. .. 13 Design and Methods .. .. .. .. .. 13 Data Collection .. .. .. .. .. 14 Data Analysis .. .. .. .. 15 Limitations .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 FINDINGS .. .. .. .. . 17 Chapter 3 Key Characteristics of Pro ject Areas .. .. 17 Chapter 4 Description of Household Demographics, Assets and Livelihoods . 19 Demographics and Housing Characteristic s .. .. .. 19 Household, Productive and Livestock Assets .. .. .. 21 Livelihood Profiles .. .. .. .. .. 23 Livestock Production .. .. .. .. 24 Livestock Water and Fodder Availability .. .. .. . 24
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ii Livestock Commodities .. .. .. .. .. 26 Crop production .. .. .. .. . 26 Cultivation and Crop Sales .. .. .. .. 26 Agricultural Practices .. .. .. .. . 26 Migration .. .. .. .. .. . 27 Chapter 5 Shock Exposure and Impacts .. .. . 30 Perceptions – Based Househol d Shock Exposure and Impacts .. .. .. 30 Qualitative Findings on Shock Exposure and Impacts .. .. 33 Chapter 6 Household Assistance, Responses to Shocks (coping strategies), and Community Responses .. .. .. .. .. 37 Assistance Received .. .. .. .. .. 37 Household Coping Strategies .. .. .. .. 39 Chapter 7 Resilience Capacities .. .. .. 42 Absorptive and Adaptive Resilience Capacities .. .. .. 43 Social Capital .. .. .. .. . 43 Aspirations and Confidence to Adapt .. .. .. 48 Economic Sources of Resilience Capacity .. .. .. .. 51 Human Capital and Access to Information .. .. .. 55 Transformative Resilience Capacities .. .. .. 58 Acces s to Markets, Infrastructure, Services, and Communal Natural Resources .. .. 58 Safety Nets and Disaster Risk Reduction .. .. .. 59 Community M obilization and Governance .. .. .. . 61 Indexes of Resilience Capacity .. .. .. .. . 65 Chapter 8 Gender and Resilience .. .. 73 .. .. .. 73 Participation of Women and Vulnerable Groups in Community Decision Making .. . 76 .. .. .. 78 Chapter 9 Resilience Outcomes .. .. .. 82 Recovery from Shocks .. .. .. .. 82 Measurements of Food Security .. .. .. 83 Household Diet Diversity .. .. .. .. .. 83 Household Hunger .. .. .. .. .. 83 Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (transformed) .. .. .. 84 Chapter 10 The Links Between Resilience Capacity, A bility to Recover from Shocks, and Household Food Security .. .. .. .. 86
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iii Food Security and Resilience Capacity .. .. .. 86 Ability to Recover from S hocks and Resilience Capacity .. .. 89 Chapter 11 Conclusion: Key Findings on Resilience for the Somalia Context 93 Chapter 12 Appendi ces .. .. .. .. 12 – 1 Appendix 1: Calculation of Resilience Measures .. .. .. 12 – 1 Ax.1.1: Shock Exposure .. .. .. .. . 12 – 1 Ax.1.2: Recovery Index .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 2 Ax.1.3: Aspirations Index .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 2 Ax.1.4: Bonding, Bridging and Linking Social Capital Indexes .. .. .. 12 – 3 Ax.1.5: Wealth Index and Asset Ownership Index .. .. .. 12 – 4 Ax.1.6: Human Capital Index .. .. .. 12 – 5 Ax.1.7: Livelihood Diversification Index .. .. .. . 12 – 6 Ax.1.8: Absorptive Capacity Index .. .. .. .. 12 – 6 Ax.1.9: Adaptive Capacity Index .. .. .. 12 – 8 Ax.1.10: Transformative Capacity Index .. .. .. . 12 – 9 Ax.1.11: Index of Household Resilience Capacity .. .. .. 12 – 10 Appendix 2: Table of Program Indicators .. .. .. . 12 – 11 Appendix 3: Additional tables .. .. .. . 12 – 15 Chapter 3 Tables .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 15 Chapter 4 Tables .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 18 Chapter 5 Tables .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 44 Chapter 6 Tables .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 48 Chapter 7 Tables .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 50 Chapter 8 Tables .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 61 Chapter 9 Tables .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 70 Chapter 10 Tables .. .. .. .. 12 – 74 Appendix 4: Summary of projects and implementa tion status .. .. 12 – 82 Appendix 5: References .. .. .. .. . 12 – 88
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iv List of Acronyms A /PFS Agro /pastoralist field school AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia BCC Behavior c hange communication CAP Community action plans CCA Climate change adaptation CFW Cash for work CHP /W Community health promoter /worker CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation CRS Catholic Relief Services CSI Coping strategies index CVCA Climate vulnera bility and capacity analysis (CM – )DRR (Community – managed) disaster risk reduction EHA Essential hygiene action ENA Essential nutrition action EW (S) Early warning (system) EWC Early warning committee FFP Office of Food for Peace (USAID) FFS Farmer fi eld school FGD Focus group discussion HDDS Household dietary diversity score HDI Human development index HFIAS Household food insecurity and access score HFS Household food security HH Household IDPs Internally displaced people IGAs Income generat ing activities IP Implementing partner KII Key informant interview KM Knowledge management LBPN Luuq Business Promotion Network NERAD Management Authority NRM Natural resource m anagement ODA Official development aid ODK Open Data Kit OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID) PCA Polychoric factor analysis PDRAs Participatory disaster risk assessments PMERL Participatory monitoring evaluation reflection and learnin g
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vi List of Tables Table 2 – 1: Sampling weights for each program area .. .. . 12 Table 2 – 2 : Mean wealth index, by wealth tercile .. .. .. 12 Table 2 – 3: Qualitative sampling, list of villag es by project area .. .. 14 Table 4 – 1: Child education and literacy .. .. .. . 20 Table 4 – 2 : Household access to improved drinking water source, improved sanitation and electricity 21 Table 4 – 3 :Household main livelihood activities (top reported) in last 12 months .. . 24 Table 4 – 4: Percent of farming households using improved production practices .. 27 Table 4 – 5 : Household migration a nd remittances inside and outside of Somalia .. . 27 Table 6 – 1: Percent of households reporting assistance following shocks in past year, and types of assistance .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 Table 6 – 2: HHs experiencing drought: coping strategies by wealth category .. . 40 Table 7 – 1: Indexes of bonding, bridging, linking social capital .. .. 48 Table 7 – 2: Aspirations and confidence to adapt index .. .. . 51 Ta ble 7 – 3: Percent of adults per HH, by literacy, education level, and trainings .. . 56 Table 7 – 4: Human capital index and access to information score .. .. . 58 Table 7 – 5: Community indexes on access to market s, infrastructure, services and natural resources .. 59 Table 7 – 6: Indexes of formal and informal safety nets, and disaster planning .. . 59 Table 7 – 7: Absorptive capacity index .. .. .. .. 65 Table 7 – 8: Adaptive capacity index .. .. .. 66 Table 7 – 9: Transformative capacity index .. .. .. 66 Table 7 – 10 : Correlations between resilience capacities .. .. . 67 Table 7 – 11: Regress ion results exploring relationships between transformative and household resilience capacities .. .. .. .. .. 67 Table 7 – 12: Summary of qualitative resilience capacities ranking findings .. .. 69 Table 8 – 1 : Percent of female respondents participating in household decision making in past 12 months, summary of top 10 decision topics .. .. .. .. 73 Table 8 – .. .. 79 Ta ble 8 – 3 .. .. .. 79 Table 8 – .. .. . 80 Table 9 – 1: HDDS and percent of households consuming food groups .. 83 Table 10 – 1: Regression results exploring relationships between food security, shocks and resilience capacities (abridged) .. .. .. .. 87 Table 10 – 2: Regression results exploring relationships between food security a nd components of adsorptive capacity (abridged) .. .. .. .. 88 Table 10 – 3: Regression results exploring relationships between food security and components of adaptive capacity (abridged) .. .. .. .. . 88 Table 10 – 4: Regres sion results exploring relationships between food security and components of transformative capacity (abridged) .. .. .. 89 Table 10 – 5: Percent of households fully recovered from drought, late/variable rainfall and reporting severe imp act on food consumption .. .. .. .. 89
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vii Table 10 – 6 : Regression results exploring relationships between recovery from drought/late rainfall and resilience capacities (abridged) .. .. .. .. .. 90 Table 10 – 7 : Regression results exploring relationships between recovery from drought/late rainfall and components of absorptive capacity (abridged) .. .. .. 90 Table 10 – 8: Regression results exploring relationships between recovery from drought/late rainfall and co mponents of adaptive capacity (abridged) .. .. .. . 91 Table 10 – 9 : Regression results exploring relationships between recovery from drought/late rainfall and components of transformative capacity (abridged) .. .. .. . 91 Table 12 – 1: Project – specific indicators, baseline values .. .. .. 12 – 11 Table 12 – 2 : Percent of households in wealth categories .. .. .. 12 – 15 Table 12 – 3 : Listing of sample villages .. .. .. .. 12 – 15 Table 12 – 4 : Household demographics .. .. .. 12 – 18 Table 12 – 5 : Housing characteristics .. .. .. . 12 – 19 Table 12 – 6 : Percent of poorest households by drinking water source .. 12 – 20 Tabl e 12 – 7 : Percent of households by ownership of household assets .. 12 – 21 Table 12 – 8: Percent of households by ownership of productive assets .. .. 12 – 22 Table 12 – 9: Percent of sample population, working men , women and children, by occupations . 12 – 23 Table 12 – 10 : Percent of households owning any livestock and ownership by type of livestock 12 – 24 Table 12 – 11 : Median number of livestock owned .. .. 12 – 25 Table 12 – 12: Median number of livestock sold in the past 12 months .. . 12 – 25 Table 12 – 13 : Percent of households with camel/cattle/goat/sheep, sources of livestock food in rainy and dry seasons .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 26 Table 12 – 14 : Percent of households with fodder/pasture availability in rainy season compared to last year .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 27 Table 12 – 15 : Percent of households with fodder/pasture availability in dry season compare d to last year .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 28 Table 12 – 16 : Percent of households with primary water sources for livestock in rainy/dry seasons 12 – 29 Table 12 – 17: Percent of households with livestock water availability in rainy season compared to last year .. .. .. .. .. . 12 – 30 Table 12 – 18: Percent of households with water availability in dry season compared to last year .. 12 – 31 Table 12 – 19 : Percent of households that produced lives tock commodities in last three years . 12 – 32 Table 12 – 20: Percent of households that produced livestock commodities sold in last 12 months .. 12 – 33 Table 12 – 21 : Percent of households that produced live stock commodities reporting sales increased in last three years .. .. .. .. 12 – 34 Table 12 – 22 : Percent of households by places for selling livestock commodities .. .. 12 – 35 Table 12 – 23 : Percentage of households sol d livestock commodities through producers group .. 12 – 37 Table 12 – 24: Percent of households engaging in crop production .. .. 12 – 38 Table 12 – 25 : Percent of households cultivating land and average/median la nd cultivated .. 12 – 39 Table 12 – 26 : Availability of irrigation system in the village .. .. .. 12 – 40 Table 12 – 27 : Percent of households that produced or sold crops last season, by top five crops 12 – 40 Table 12 – 28: Percent of households with any family member participating in a producer organization, by top five crops .. .. .. .. 12 – 41 Table 12 – 29: Percent of farming households familiar with improved production pra ctice 12 – 41
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viii Table 12 – 30 : Percent of farming households trained on improved production practice . 12 – 42 Table 12 – 31 : Percent of farming households using improved production practice .. 12 – 43 Table 12 – 32: Households experiencing shocks in past five years .. .. .. 12 – 44 Table 12 – 33: Households experiencing shocks in past one year .. .. 1 2 – 45 Table 12 – 34 : Households experiencing seve re decline in food consumption following shock, by type of shock .. .. .. .. .. . 12 – 46 Table 12 – 35: Average time (years) since HH experienced most recent shock .. . 12 – 47 Table 12 – 36 : Percent of households reporting t hat they received assistance following shocks . 12 – 48 Table 12 – 37: Percent of households utilizing coping strategy (at least once in the past 5 years) following drought and/or late or variable rainfall .. .. .. .. 12 – 49 Table 12 – 38 : Community indexes on access to markets, infrastructure, services and natural resources 12 – 50 Table 12 – 39 : Percent of households reporting access to social capital .. 12 – 51 Tabl e 12 – 40 : Percent of respondents agreeing with statements related to aspirations and confidence to adapt .. .. .. .. .. . 12 – 54 Table 12 – 41 : Percent of households with member borrowing money in last 12 months , and source of loan .. .. .. .. .. . 12 – 54 Table 12 – 42 : Percent of households reporting cash savings .. .. 12 – 55 Table 12 – 43: Average number of livelihood activities per household .. 12 – 55 Table 12 – 44: Percent of households re porting that shock severely impact livelihood .. 12 – 56 Table 12 – 45 : Households reporting various types of human capital and access to information 12 – 57 Table 12 – 46: Percent of households whose commun ity participates in collective action 12 – 58 Table 12 – 47: Percent of communities with members participating in activity in the previous five years 12 – 59 Table 12 – 48 : Percent of communities with com munity governance mechanisms .. .. 12 – 59 Table 12 – 49: Regression results exploring relationships between transformative and household resilience capacities .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 60 Table 12 – 50 : Percent of female responden ts participating in household decision making in past 12 months .. .. .. .. .. . 12 – 61 Table 12 – 51 : Percent of female respondents reporting joint or sole responsibility for decisions, by decision topic .. .. .. .. 12 – 62 Table 12 – 52: Percent of female respondents who make joint decisions .. . 12 – 63 Table 12 – 53: Percent of female respondents who make decision alone .. . 12 – 64 Table 12 – 54: Percent of female respondents who saved o r borrowed cash .. .. 12 – 65 Table 12 – 55: Percent of female respondents by measures of self – confidence and ownership of cell phone .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 65 Table 12 – 56 : Percent of female respondents reporting that groups a re active in the village 12 – 66 Table 12 – 57: Percent of communities with participation of women/youth in community governance 12 – 67 Table 12 – level .. .. 12 – 67 Table 12 – .. . 12 – 68 Table 12 – .. 12 – 69 Table 12 – 61: Percent of households reporting full recovery from shocks .. 12 – 70 Table 12 – 62: Average recovery time for households fully recovered .. .. 12 – 71
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ix Table 12 – 63 : Household dietary di versity .. .. .. 12 – 72 Table 12 – 64: Percent of households experiencing moderate to severe hunger .. .. 12 – 72 Table 12 – 65: Percent of households using food insecurity coping strategies .. .. 12 – 73 Table 12 – 66: Average household food access score .. .. . 12 – 73 Table 12 – 67 : Regression results exploring relationships between food security, shocks and resilience capacities .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 74 Table 12 – 68: R egression results exploring relationships between food security and components of absorptive capacity .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 75 Table 12 – 69: Regression results exploring relationships between food security and components of adaptive capacity .. .. .. .. 12 – 76 Table 12 – 70 : Regression results exploring relationships between food security and components of transformative capacity .. .. .. .. 12 – 77 Table 12 – 71 : Regression results exploring relationships between reco very, shocks and resilience capacities .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 78 Table 12 – 72: Regression results exploring relationships between recovery, shocks and components of absorptive capacity .. .. .. .. .. 12 – 79 Table 12 – 73 : Regression re sults exploring relationships between recovery, shocks and components of adaptive capacity .. .. .. .. 12 – 80 Table 12 – 74 : Regression results exploring relationships between recovery, shocks and components of transformative capacity .. .. .. .. 12 – 81 Table 12 – 75: CARE project status update, January – March 2016 .. .. . 12 – 82 Table 12 – 76: CRS project status update, January – March 2016 .. .. . 12 – 84 Table 12 – 77: WV project status upda te, January – March 2016 .. .. .. 12 – 85
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