by K YOUSSEFI · 2009 · Cited by 12 — Hafiz has been a well-known literary figure in the West through the translations of his poems. The current study tries to investigate whether or not the translators
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AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS IN HAFIZ™S SELECTED POEMS BY KAZEM YOUSSEFI Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2009 COREMetadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.ukProvided by Repository@USM
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iiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In God™s Most Beneficent Name In completing this project, together with me were a number of people I must give my sincere acknowledgements to. Foremost, I should like to express my deep gratitude to the kind and knowledgeable supervisor of mine, Dr. Aniswal Abd GHani. Throwing light upon the way from the beginning until the end, also, a wise facilitator of my study and learning especially during the process of pushing the pen to the paper for this Ph.D. thesis, Dr. Aniswal Abd GHani™s insightful and critical comments remarkably aided me to find what was best and to avoid what might be evading. Her benevolent nature and the moral support she constantly extended have been pivotal in motivating me to complete this work. For all of this, I am, indeed, indebted to Dr. Aniswal Abd GHani for her guidance and support. Incumbent upon me is the necessity to mention my immediate family: my Mother whose motherly prayers always inspired me throughout my entire being ; my senior Brother, Dr. Ghasem Youssefi, from whose unfathomable ocean of knowledge of Persian literature, gnosis, and Islamic philosophy I shamelessly sipped cups of insight; my lifetime companion in both hardship and grace, Fatima, my beloved Wife who patiently made sacrifices to push me forward in the road I had taken and nursed and brought up our children I am now proud of; and finally to the apples of my eyes, Ali, Aram, and Sanaz. In fine, I should recognize the following comrades who backed me up in various ways in the process of my work: Dr. Alavi Moghaddam, Dr. Hosseinzadeh, Ms. Tahereh Zamani.
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iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ––––––––––––––––––.––––. ii Table of Contents –––––––––––––––––––.–––– iii List of Tables –––––––––––––––––––––.–––.. viii List of Figures ––––––––––––––––––––.––––. ix List of Diagrams –––––––––––––––––––––––.. x List of Charts ––––––––––––––––––––––––– xi List of Abbreviations –––––––––––––––––––––.– xii List of Symbols –––––––– –––––––––––––––..– xiii Abstrak –––––––––––––––––––––––––––.. xv Abstract –––––––––––––––––––––––––––.. xvi Chapter One Œ Introduction 1.1 Introduction––––––––––––––––––––––. 1 1. 2 Background and the Statement of the Problem ––––––––.. 1 1.2.1 Hafiz™s poetry ––––––––––––––––––. 8 1.3 Themes in Hafiz™s Poetry –––––––––––––– 16 1.4 Hafiz™s Poetry: Its Translatio ns and Translators –––––––– 17 1.5 Modern (Iranian) Persian poetry 20 1.6 Objectives of the Study –––––––––––––––––.. 24 1.7 Research Questions –––––––––––––––––––. 24 1.8 Significance of the Study ––––––––––––––––– 25 1.9 Scope and Limitations of the Study ––––––––––––– 25 1.10 Organization of the Study –––––––––––––––– 26 Notes Chapter Two Œ Review of Related Literature 2.1 Introduction –––––––––––––––––––––. 27 2.2 Literary Translation ––––––––––––––––––– 28
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iv2.2.1 Translating Poetry –––––––––––––––.–. 29 2.3 Foreignizing vs. Domesticating in Translation –––––.. 42 2.4 Metaphor and its purposes 50 2.5 Components of Metaphor 53 2.6 Types of Metaphor 54 2.6.1 Parts of a Metaphor –––––––––––––––– 60 2.6.2 Translation of Metaphor ––––––––––––––. 61 2.6.3 Metaphor Translation as a Function of Text-Types ––.–. 63 2.6.4 Metaphor Translation as a Function of Culture ––––.– 64 2.7 Summary ––––––––––––––––––––.–.– 65 Chapter Three Œ Theoretical Framework and Methodology 3.1 Introduction ––––––––––––––––––––.–.. 68 3.2 The Translation of Different Types of Metaphor 69 3.3 Major Themes in Hafiz™s Ghazals –––––––––––..–.. 77 3.4 Identification of Metaphors in Ha fiz – –––––––––..–.. 80 3.5 The Selection of Lyrics –––––––––––––––..–.. 82 3.6 The Process of the Study –––– –––––––––––– 82 3.7 Summary –––––––––––––––––––.–..–. 83 Notes Chapter Four Œ The Aesthetic Aspects of Hafiz™s Poems 4.1 Introduction –––––––––––––––––––..–– 85 4.2 Aesthetic Aspects –––––––.––––––––––..–.. 85 4.2.1 Semantic Expression––––––––––––––..–.. 87 4.2.1.1 Semantic Diction and Enunciation ––––..– 87 4.2.1.2 Equivocation (Ebham) –––––––––. 91 4.2.1.3 Semantic Coordination of Words ––––– 99 4.2.1.4 Dilatation ( Etesaa) ––––––––––.–– 102 4.2.2 Formalistic Aspects of Hafiz™s Lyrics ––––––..– 107 4.2.2.1 Repetition ( Tekrar) of Words –––––.––.. 108
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v4.2.2.2 Types of the Repe tition –––––––.––– 109 4.2.3 Metaphor and Its Types as the Semantic-Formalistic Element ––––––––––––..–––––..–.. 113 4.2.3.1 Absolute (Mosarrahe) Metaphor ––––––.. 114 4.2.3.2 Explicit (Morashahe) Metaphor –––––– 115 4.2.3.3 Implicit or submerged ( Makniye) Metaphor –– 117 4.2.3.4 Supposed ( Takhayuliye ) Metaphor –––––.. 117 4.2.3.5 Original (Asliye) Metaphor ––––––––. 118 4.2.3.6 Subordinate (Tabaeye) Metaphor –––––– 119 4.2.3.7 Nigh (Gharib) Metaphor –––––––––. 120 4.2.3.8 Conceit ( Baeid ) Metaphor .––––––.–– 120 4.2.3.9 Allegorical ( Tamsiliyeh ) Metaphor –––.– 121 4.3 Summary .–––––––––––––––––––––– 122 Chapter Five Œ The Analysis of the Selected Poems of Hafiz™s Mystical Lyrics 5.1 Introduction –––––––––––––––––––. 124 5.2 Lyric One: Alay yyohals qi: : Love™s Awakening 124 5.2.1 Translators –––––––––––––––––.– 132 5.2.1.1 Clarke –––– ––––––––.–.–– 132 5.2.1.2 Bell ––––––––––.––––.–– 134 5.3 Lyric Two: Sal he K r Koj : Where is the Pious Doer? –––––––.–– 138 5.3.1 Translators –––––––––––––––.–– 143 5.3.1.1 Clarke ––––––––––.–.––.–.–. 143 5.3.1.2 Bell ––––––––––––––.–.–.. 143 5.4 Lyric Three: Baad e Saba: : The Brea th of the Morning Breeze –––.––. 146 5.4.1 Translators –––––––––––––––.––.. 152 5.4.1.1 Clarke –––––––––––––..–..– 152 5.4.1.2 Bell ––––––––––––––.–.–.. 154 5.5 Lyric Four: Ghasre Amal: :The House of Hope –– 156
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vi5.5.1 Translators ––––––––––––––––.– 160 5.5.1.1 Clarke –––––––––––––.–.– 160 5.5.1.2 Arberry –––––––––––.––.–.– 162 5.6 Summary –––––––..––––––––––––.––.. 164 Notes Chapter Six Œ The Analysis of the Selected Poems of Hafiz™s Love Lyrics 6.1 Introduction –––––––––– –––––––..––– 165 6.2 Lyric One: Turke Shir zi: : Sweet Maid ––––– 165 6.3 Translators ––––––––––––––––––––– 176 6.3.1 Clarke –––––––––––––––––––.. 177 6.3.2 Bell ––––––––––––––––––––.. 179 6.3.3 Arberry –––––––––––.–––––––– 181 6.3.4 Shahriari –––––––––––––––––– 183 6.4 Lyric Two: Noor-e B deh: :Illumination of the Goblet – 185 6.4.1 Translators ––––––––––––––––––.. 192 6.4.1.1 Bell –––––––––––––––––.. 192 6.4.1.2 Shahriari –––––––––––––––. 195 6.5 Lyric Three: Sab Be Lotf Begoo: : Friendly Zephyr ––––––––––––– 198 6.5.1 Translators –––––––––––––––––– 202 6.5.1.1 Clarke –––––––––––––––– 202 6.5.1.2 Arberry –––––––––––––––– 205 6.5.1.3 Shahriari –––––––––––.––––.. 207 6.6 Summary ––––..–– ––––––––––––––––. 210 Chapter Seven Œ Conclusion 7.1 Introduction –––––––––– ––––.––––– 211 7.2 Summary and Overview of Findings –––––.–––––. 212 7.2.1 Bell™s Translation –––––––––.––––– 213
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viii List of Tables Pag e Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table: 6.3 Table 7.1 Persian translation and transliteration of the key words and important phrases of the lyric Persian translation and translite ration of the key words and important phrases of the lyric Persian translation and translite ration of the key words and important phrases of the lyric Persian translation and trans literation of key words and important phrases of the lyric Persian translation and translite ration of the key words and important phrases of the lyric Persian translation and translite ration of the key words and important phrases of the lyric Persian translation and translite ration of the key words and important phrases of the lyric The Percentage of the Translations Renderings 126 138 148 157 166 187 198 220
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ix List of Figures Pa ge Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 The process of the derivation of metaphor from simile Some of the main important themes of Hafiz™s poems Hafiz™s diction in the application of the words The Equivocatory Aspects of fiShirinfl The formation of implicit metaphor 52 77 90 92 117
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