by ZM Zin · 2021 — alternative Halal gelatine derived from poultry or animal by-products of meat consumers regarding halal food is not only to satisfy the papers/180.pdf.
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Halal and Non – Halal Gelatine a s a Potential Animal By – Products i n Food Systems: Prospects a nd Challenges f or Muslim Community Zamzahaila Mohd Zin *1 , Norizah Mhd Sarbon 2 , Mohamad Khairi Zainol 3 , Siti 4 , Madihah Mohamad Shukri 5 and Asyraf Hj Ab. Rahman 6 1,2,3,4 Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 5 Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 6 Centre for Fundamental and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia * Corresponding author. Email: zamzahaila@umt.edu. my ABSTRACT Halal is the concept of granting any entity or practise that is deemed to be lawful under Islamic law to be used or consumed. These terms are commonly used with respect to food products, meat products, cosmetics, personal care products, pharm aceuticals, food ingredients, and food contact materials. The increase of Muslim population in this world also requires more awareness and concern among Muslim consumers on halal products. The unique gelling, stabilizing, healing, ointment, capsule and coating properties of gelatine made are among the most widely used biodegradable compounds in commercial consumer goods. Since pigskin (porcine) is the main source of gelatine on the international market, it is often controversial for religious beli evers such as Muslims and Jews. The need for gelatine obtained from Halal sources, such as alternative Halal gelatine derived from poultry or animal by – products of meat processing (such as skins, heads, feathers, viscera, bones and legs), has therefore bec ome essential, as well as other marine sources in which a possible alternative to porcine gelatine could be found. Halal has been a long – disputed issue due to the reason of its complexity consequently of swift advancement in innovation, technology and porc ine – derived gelatine adulteration, etc. Other challenges include sustainability of alternative gelatine, such as sources, waste or by – product management practises, consumer religiosity, halal awareness, halal certification, government policy, food supplier s, marketers and the purchasing of halal products among consumers. This paper will therefore highlight the Halal and Non – Halal problem of gelatine, which plays a critical role in modern food processing and pharmaceuticals, as well as looking for potential opportunities and challenges for the Muslim community. Keywords: animal by – products, food ingredients, gelatine, halal, porcine, 1. INTRODUCTION Halal is a concept that assigns any entity or activity allowed to be used or engaged in accordance with Islamic law. These terms are commonly used with respect to food products, meat products, cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, and food contact materials [1] . Since the production of a food product comprising a particular process, starting from the selection, preparation of materials, manufacturing, production, storage, transportation, distribution until the product has been presented to the c the whole network starting from its source [2] . There will Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 536Proceedings of the First International Conference on Science, Technology, Engineering andIndustrial Revolution (ICSTEIR 2020)Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL.This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.530
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be 31.1% of Muslims world population projected in 2060 [3] . Therefore, the provision of consumption needs of Muslims as well will continue to increase. The concern of consumers regarding halal food is not only to satisfy the need for religious doctrine, but also to ensure food safety. Alfarisi (2017) [4] stated that halal food is not only concerned with religious issues, but also with lifestyle and quality as surance in the sense of business and trade. This shows that the halal market continues to expand supported by increased awareness of its importance, quality and safety of the product. In addition, this suggests a change in customer perception towards the c oncept of halal. The Economic Council (2011) reported that the halal market is growing fast and an increase of about 25% per year [5] . It is also projected that the halal market will cross US$80 billion a year worldwide and the growth rate predicted by th e halal food industry is 7 percent annually [6] . The growth of halal industry is not only found in Muslim countries. The increased of Muslim populations in non – Muslim countries also contributes to the high number of halal industry needs, especially halal f ood products for Muslims themselves. Halal becomes the lifestyle of Muslim consumers in the world. As the Muslim population increasing, the awareness on consuming halal food also improving. Recently, food production has been prepared based on the advanceme nt of modern science and technology. There are several ingredient sources which have been used in the production of food products. These ingredients are either permissible (halal) or prohibited (haram). With regard to the rise in demand for halal food, man y scholars and scientists raise the issue of gelatine derived from pig skin is used in almost every processed food product [7] . Nevertheless, as 95% of the gelatine on the market is made from animals forbidden for Muslim use, it has become a sensitive issu e. Though the use of food products adulterated with porcine – derived gelatine also create concerns in the mind of Muslim communities. In contrast to that, pork derived gelatine can be replaced by using gelatine derived from halal sources such as fish, cow, chicken and turkey derived gelatine. The need of this review is to shed light on the issue of Halal and non – halal gelatine – based products consumption, government policy, consumer awareness, and other alternatives to food producers. This review might be hel pful in the future regarding knowledge and significance about porcine, and its Halal alternative derived gelatine. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD This study involves review and analysis of secondary data in an attempt to examine an alternative perspective on the original question of halal and non – halal gelatine in food systems. In order to collect relevant information and data, a systematic literature search (magazines, books, journals, newspapers, and conference papers) was conducted. The materials not only limit ed to the English language but also covers Malay language materials. All the data are discussed and presented using descriptive approaches based on selected themes related to the study objectives. 3 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Halal and Haram from Islamic Perspective of Muslims guided by halalan ayyiban, including purity, hygiene, and h ealthy living, as well as halal [8] – [9] . Terms halal opposed to illegal or out of something illegal or prohibited [10] . According to Kamus Dewan (2005) [11] , halal is well defined as halal law permits an act is done (in Islam), legal (not forbidden by Islam), permitted and allowed. Halal means permissible and lawful, haram means not allowed and illegitimate, while sy ubhat means dubious, still in question and should be avoided [5] . Halal food products alone are not sufficient but must include lawful (Halal) is cl ear and the unlawful (Haram) is clear, and between the two of them are doubtful matters about which many people do not know. Thus, he who avoids doubtful matters clears himself in regard to his religion and his honor, and he who falls into doubtful matters will fall into the unlawful as the shepherd who pastures near a sanctuary, all but grazing therein. Verily, every king has a sanctum and the sanctum of Allah is his prohibitions. Verily, in the body is a piece of flesh which, if sound, the entire body is sound, and if corrupt, the entire body is corrupt. Truly, it is the According to al – Qaradawi (1994), something that is required, that no binding ban and allowed someone to do so by legislation. Al – Ghazali (1998 ) and Al Qaradawi (2002) also clarifies the meaning of halal, which covers all major sources of human food either from animals, plants, natural materials, chemicals and microorganisms contained between lawful and unlawful law. Consumption of pork and produ cts made from pork is strictly forbidden in Islam. Suggestions related to halal and haram food – Baqarah: 172 – 173 ; Al – Maidah: 3; Al – Maidah: 88). things which We have provided for you and be grateful to Allah if it is [indeed] Him that you worship. He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it ] nor transgressing [its limit], there is no sin upon him. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and – Baqarah:172 – 173] flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah, and [thos e animals] killed by strangling or by a violent blow or by a head – long fall or by the goring of horns, and those from which a wild animal has eaten, except what you [are able to] slaughter [before its death], and those which are sacrificed on stone altars, and [prohibited is] that you seek decision through Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 536531
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divining arrows. That is grave disobedience. This day those who disbelieve have despaired of [defeating] your religion; so fear them not, but fear Me. This day I have perfected for you your religion and c ompleted My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion. But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin – [Surah Al – Maidah:3] ah has given you and be careful of (your duty to) – Maidah:88] recommended to consume halal and good food (Al – Baqarah:168; Al – of food and drink is a major consideration for a Muslim. things out of what is in the earth, and do not follow the footsteps of (Al – Baqarah: 168) t hings and do Al 51) There are also doubtful things and in Islamic law. This source of mashbooh is dubious and questionable in Islamic law. For instance, food that has been added with substance from doubtful based ingredients into halal food products. This is mentioned in the sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) where it is stated that: there are doubtful (mashbooh) things and most of the people having no knowledge about them. So whoever saves himself from these doubtful things, he saves his religion and his honor, but he who falls into doubtful matters falls into that which is unlawful, like the shepherd who pastures around a sanctuary, all but grazing therein. Truly every kind has a sanctuary, and truly Allah (s.w.t.) sa nctuary – Bukhari, 1979) [12] 3.2 Halal and Non – Halal Gelatine Gelatine is an insoluble fibrous protein with high molecular weight that exists in vertebrates and is the primary constituent of connective tissues and bones. Accordin g to the De Pietro (2017) [1 3 ] , gelatin is made by boiling animal bones, cartilage, and skin to extract the collagen. There are several varieties of gelatine, the composition of which depends on the source of collagen and the hydrolytic treatment used. Raw materials for the production of commercial gelatines are processed in low and high pH e nvironments [1 4 ] . Most gelatine is one of two types: Type A gelatine is exclusively made from pork skins; the raw material is treated for 18 30 h in an acidic environment at pH 1.5 3.0 and is hence Haram for Muslims to use. For Type B gelatine, the raw material is treated in an alkaline medium at pH 12.0 for several weeks to months. It is made either from cattle and calf skins or from demineralized cattle bones, poultry skins or other permitted animals (slaughtered according to Islamic rites, as explained in Islamic Law Slaughtering). Its halal status depends on the nature of raw materials used in its manufacture. has been revealed to me anything forbidden for anyone who wants to eat unless it is carrion, outpoured blood and the flesh of swine, all of which is unclean; or that which is profane having been slaughtered in a name other than that of Allah. But whosoever is constrained to it by necessity – neither desiring to disobey nor exceeding the limit of necessity – your Lord is surely All Forgiving, All – – Around 80 percent of the gelatin in Europe is made from pigskin. Moreover, most of the food manufacturers use porcine – derived gelatine rather than its alternatives [1 5 ] . Gelatine Manufacturers of Europe (GME) reports the annual world production of gelatine is nearly 326,000 tons, with so urce from pig skin derived gelatine is the most abundant (46%) output, followed by bovine hides (29.4%), bones (23.1%) and other sources (1.5%) [16] . Porcine skin requires short time for treatment with acid prior to extraction while for bovine it is subjec ted to lengthy treatment with alkaline. The raw materials for this mammal are also abundant and the price is lower compared to bovine. There are differences between functional properties of porcine and bovine gelatine based on their amino acid composition, polypeptides pattern, bloom strength, t urbidity and foaming properties [1 7 ] . Alternative gelatine maybe produced from the skins of cold and warm water fish species, and minor quantities come from avian sources [1 8 ] . There are no plant sources of gelatine, and there is no chemical relationship between gelatine and materials referred to as vegetable gelatine (i.e. seaweed extracts) [1 8 ] . 3. 3 Commercial Uses of Gelatine Gelatin is the most commonly used biodegradable compound in commercial food production, pharmaceutical and photographic industries because of its special gelling, stabilizing, curing, ointment, capsule, coating properties [1 9 ] – [ 20 ] as well as its special r heological properties an d its melt – in – the – mouth texture [ 21 ] . Gelatine is primarily used in the food industry as an emulsifier, foaming agent, colloid stabilizer, biodegradable film – forming mat erial, microencapsulating agent [2 2 ] and commonly used as prope rty to form thermoreversible gels [2 3 ] . At a few – melting temperature is below body temperature (<35 o C), which can provide gelatine products with a unique 'melt - in - the - Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 536532
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mouth' quality. Gelatine will be soft and turn into liquid human body temperature that allows gelatine to melt and release flavour, which is a desirable sensorial property for some food products [2 4 ] . Another important characteristic of gela tine, its gel has higher strength than most of the other common gelling agents, which are usually carbohydrates and obtained from vegetable sources [2 5 ] . Gelatine is a traditional functional protein with water - soluble properties which, under some conditio ns, has the ability to form transparent gels. The clear and transparent structure of gelatine accounts for its significance, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries [1 9 ] . Moreover, during cold storage, gelatin also prevents lactose sugar recry stallization. (Jamilah and Harvinder, 2002) [2 6 ] . It has been reported that, annually, tons of gelatine have been used in many food products, including jellies, candies, desert, meat ice cream, confectionery, cookies, and bakery products. It is also used i n non - food products, including medical products, and in veterinary applications. While in the pharmaceutical industry, the making of hard and soft capsule shells, tablets, granulation and syrups, all requires gelatine because it serves as a natural coating material and is also highly digestible. Many people today are concerned about their health and are taking supplements such as Vitamin E or fish oil, and the list goes on to boost immunity of their body [9] . The soft gel capsules were also used because th ey look appealing and have a smooth finish, making it easier to swallow. According to Capsugel, a major manufacturer of capsules, most soft gel capsules are made from gelatine [2 7 ] wherein the main sources are from animal skin especially pigskin and lard [ 2 8 ] . As a result, gelatine capsules are not ideal for use by people of strong religious value who do not consume certain animals for certain religious reasons [2 9 ] . and the flesh of swine; also any animal over which the name of any other than Allah has been pronounced. But whoever eats of them under compelling necessity - neither desiring it nor exceeding the limit of absolute necessity - surely for such action Allah is Much Forgiving, Most - N ahl: 115) Gelatine also plays an important role in the manufacturing of energy drinks for athletes in the sports industry and is a vital component of energy drinks. (Phillips and Williams, 2011) [ 30 ] . In photography, it was first used in 1871 when the sensi tising agent was coated on a glass plate in gelatine. The use of gelatine in the cosmetics industry is of considerable significance as it is widely used in shampoo, lipstick, conditioner, cream and fingernail formulations. The increase in the production of biodegradable polymers such as gelatin attracts worldwide attention, one of the reasons why producers consider it an attractive choice is due to its antioxidant properties [ 31 ] - [3 2 ] . 3.4 Prospect in Halal Gelatine Industries 3.4.1 Alternative gelatine produced from other halal sources Global demand for the gelatine industry is growing, particularly in the food and pharmaceutical industries, on a daily basis. Primary gelatine production is produced from mammalian (porcine and bovin e). The use of bovine carrying prion proteins has been linked to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (mad cow disease) causing immune response that led to fatal neurodegenerative disease (spongy degeneration of the brain and spinal cord) in cattle [3 3 ] . Also, bovine and porcine gelatines are risky to gelatine - allergic patients [3 4 ] . Due to the emergence of mad cow disease and the unacceptability of bovine and porcine gelatine by the Muslim, Jewish and Hindu communities, there is a growing interest in the production of alternative gelatine from fish waste [ 35 ] . It is reported in a Saheeh [authentic] Hadith that fish is lawful to eat; the Prophet said: " There are two dead animals that are lawful for us (to eat): they are fish and locusts " [Ahmad and Ibn Maajah] Compared to porcine - derived gelatine alternatives, the market share of fish gelatine is still poor compared to bovine and porcine gelatine [2 4 ] . A number of studies have been published on the production of gelatine alternatives to mammalian gelatine from fi sh sources, including fish skin [3 6 ] - [3 7 ] and fish scales [3 8 ] . A large number of available scientific studies have confirmed that aquatic - derived gelatin has stronger film - forming properties than mammal s [3 9 ] . In addition, fish gelatine wi th a low melting point has been documented to have strong release properties of sensory food attributes [ 40 ] . Fish gelatine has biologically active peptides, and such peptides have the ability to act as antioxidants [ 4 1 ] - [ 4 2 ] . In addition, gelatine extract ed from Pacific cod skin demonstrates a strong inhibitory effect of angiotensin - I - converting enzyme (ACE), an important enzyme in the regulation of hypertension and type 2 diabetes [4 3 ] . Furthermore, Jridi et al. (2013) [4 4 ] proposed that it be used to min imise blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in functional food preparation. Compared to mammalian gelatin, gelatin from cold water fish species has sub - optimal physical properties, which restrict demand for it [4 5 ] . Meanwhile warm water fish gela tines have physical properties comparable to those of mammalian gelatines, but their modest production and low extraction yields result in less efficient pricing compared to mammalian gelatines [2 6 ] . According to Hall (2015) [4 6 ] , high cost of transport an d the low concentration of collagen in fish skins makes it considerably more expensive than gelatine that is produced traditionally. Other problems and health risks related to fish gelatine include allergic reactions. The provision of gelatine derived fro m halal sources has therefore become an important issue, as gelatine derived from aquatic sources Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 536533
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may be more relevant in the halal or kosher market than mammalian and porcine gelatine. New potential sources of halal gelatine, such as poultry skin, legs a nd bones, are therefore gaining attention as alternatives to mammalian - derived gelatine replacement [4 7 ] . Gelatine from poultry has been receiving some attention since feet and skin rich in collagenous protein 4 8 ] . According to Hall (2015) [4 6 ] , chicken s kin gelatine which the chicken is slaughtered in the Islamic way can be another alternative for mammalian gelatine. Sarbon et al. (2013) [4 9 ] also reported that chicken gelatine showed higher gelling temperatures compared to bovine gelatine. Gelatine deriv ed from the poultry waste also exhibits metal chelating and radical scavenging properties and can be considered as a Halal alternative of porcine gelatine [ 50 ] . Some other valuable peptides are also reported for its beneficial activity by many researchers confirmed the broad and wide range of available and functional peptides from porcine alternative sources [ 5 1 ] . Thereby, according to Jridi et al. (2013) [4 4 ] all gelatines in all probability contained peptides which are electron or hydrogen donors that con vert the free radical to the more stable product by reacting with them and dismiss the radical chain reaction. Furthermore, since most of the slaughterhouse in Malaysia is Halal - certified, the production of gelatine from chicken skin can be beneficial for the food industries. Therefore, the study of gelatine from chicken, such as skin is interesting as sources of collagen to extract gelatine. However, fish gelatine (advantage of having odourless properties) has the edge over poultry gelatine due to the comp lication in managing poultry wastes [1 6 ] . 3.4.2 From waste to wealth Due to its price competitive aspect, nutritional value and because it is free from social constraints in the eating point of view, there is a huge increase in global demand for various poultry products. Huge quantities of waste and by - products are generated due to large numbers of poultry being slaughtered for the production of a variety of poultry meat and meat products. Slaughtering and processing of poultry birds give only one third a s meat portion while the rest as poultry wastes and by - products, which need to be effectively processed and utilized. Poultry by - products include offal, bone, blood, viscera, head, feet and feathers, mechanically deboned poultry. The waste not only causes pollution but also it emits defensive odour [ 5 2 ] . Non - utilization of animal by - products in a proper way may create major aesthetic and catastrophic health problems. Poultry waste is one of the major pollutants if not properly disposed of. These cause envir onmental pollution and health hazards, attract flies and harbour various pathogenic microbes. The waste generated in industries of meat products are frequently very large and represent a serious problem due to the high content of organic matter, and these proliferation. Thus, according to Pelizer et al. (2007) [5 3 ] the environmental problems are worsened by inadequate treatment of industrial solid waste. In this way, it is necessary to minimize these wastes, ev en before they reach the grease and rendering plants. Underutilization of by - products not only lead to loss of potential revenues but also lead to the increasing cost of their disposal. The utilization of animal by - products is often ignored; however, these items contribute a significant value to the livestock and meat industries. Poultry by - products can act as a source of energy, livestock feed, fertilizer, liming components for soil, collagen, gelatine and calcium. After suitable processing, poultry by - pro ducts can be converted into feather meal, hydrolysed feather meal and poultry by - product meal. The utilization of waste skin and bone from poultry for production of value added by - products has attracted substantial attention. Instead of being waste that ca n cause pollution to the environment, poultry meat industry wastes have a potential for recycling raw materials into products of higher value, can be used for production of gelatine. This serves as a good practice of post - harvest management of waste utilis ation. Therefore, more work is required in the sector of waste management and adapting the state of art industrial technology to produce Halal gelatine inside the country. In addition to that, Islamic countries can produce a handsome amount of Halal gelati ne with proper waste management practices and industrial technology. 3.4.3 Halal certification Halal certification involves not only the products to be consumed directly by consumers. However, it involves all aspects of the production chain such as equi pment used and other materials added to the product. As Muslim countries have increased imports of food products, there has been growing awareness of the problem gelatine presents to Muslim consumers. Increase in Halal awareness among Muslims has called fo r a great need of food - source authentications. Gelatine and gelatine - based products are currently classified as doubtful/mashbooh because haram (porcine) gelatine is the most abundant. Traceability of gelatine source has been a great task in Halal field. O ther reasons for gelatine source authentication include: (i) protection of consumers from food frauds due to false labeling and avoid unfair market competition [5 4 ] and (ii) health issues. According to Food Regulations 1985 state on law no 153 which is und er edible gelatine. No label on any package containing gelatine shall claim that the food is edible gelatine unless the common name of the animal from which the edible gelatine is obtained is stated on such label [R 153 (3)]. Besides that, where edible gel atine has been added to any food, there shall be written in the label on a package containing such food, in not less than 10 - point lettering, the words "contains edible gelatine from (state the common name of the animal from which the edible gelatine is ob tained)" [R 153 (4)]. Which means that any food that contains, source or claim as gelatine should clearly state the type of gelatine and source of gelatine. The presence of halal logos on food products is a special consideration for Muslims. However, this halal logo does Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 536534
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not just represent that the product is lawful for Muslims. In addition to ensuring that a product is halal. It should also guarantee a produc t's security, efficiency, and cleanliness. This is also to ensure that this product is not only for Muslims because of its halalness, but also for anyone who will feel safe to consume the product. So, consumers will have an interest in buying these halal f ood products. Halal labelling on the product becomes a sign that the product has been certified halal which is tightly tested. Halal certification is a guarantee of security for people Muslims to be able to consume a product [6] . Nevertheless, to inspire M alaysian as world Halal Hub, the Halal logo should in line with hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) certification, high quality standards of ISO9001 certified, attention to environment issue of ISO14001 certified; and infrastructure and tech nologies support for Halal authentication analysis. This will provide scientific evidence to substantiate any claims regarding the presence or absence of the non - Halal ingredients and/or additives. Those criteria implied that the Halal logo has high quali ty of hygienic, safety and Halal assurance of products for consumption. This will attract the non - Muslim consumers towards the Halal concept and earn a great opportunity to lucrative Halal business in local and international markets. The growing concern am ong the Muslims about Halal food [5 5 ] as well as the increasing trend in attitude and intention to purchase Hal al food products by non - Muslims [5 6 ] escalated the demand that leads to the growth of this industry. 3.4.4 Halal and Non - Halal gelatin identific ation Food security extends not only to safety and health issues but religious considerations as well. Not only is Halal limited to religious matters, but it can also be extended to other applications for life as it offers a number of advantages. Furtherm ore, halal has long been a prevailing issue in the field of food - related safety research. Notwithstanding, there remains a general paucity of research in identifying the specific form of halal and non - halal ingredients in the products, such as the animal f at, gelatine, blood plasma, transglutaminase enzymes and so on. At present, the existing studies on identification of animal gelatine emphasize on the demand side, but studies on the technical side are scarce and largely inconclusive. In the global realm, the need of tools to ensure that food is consumed safely and is a guarantee that it is free from non - halal materials requires a technology and non - halal detection application. Proper methods for the identification of Halal and non - Halal gelatine due to the momentous demand of Halal products today [9] . Various methods of detection of non - halal materials have developed rapidly such as FTIR spectrophotometry [5 7 ] , differential scanning calorimetry [8] , liquid chromatography [5 8 ] , immunoelectrophoresis [5 9 ] , polymerase chain reacti on (PCR) - RFLP DNA based methods [ 60 ] , real - time PCR [ 6 1 ] and immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [ 6 2 ] . Some of these methods are too laborious and time - consuming, consequently, an analytical technique offering rapid and reliable methods must be used. One of the promising methods suitable for routine analysis is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [6 3 ] . The other promising technique is the PCR - southern hybridization analysis. This technique is a combination of PCR and southern hybridization analy sis that were reported by Sahilah et al. (2012b) [6 4 ] and (2015) [6 5 ] in Halal market surveillance of gelatin capsules in pharmaceuticals market in Malaysia. The most reliable and robust method to overcome the disputability of Halal food products must be d eveloped. There are many opportunities for researchers to develop porcine detection kits with a lower cost, reliable and sensitive protocol for routine analysis, have been validated by ISO 17025 accredited lab, fast and accurate, user friendly, sensitive t o various types of sample scopes, and most importantly technical consultation is provided. 3.5 Challenges for Muslim Community 3.5.1 Consumer awareness regarding gelatine Halal gelatine production in the world is projected to be less than 1% (Halalgel®) and has become a challenge toward Muslims globally. Porcine gelatine is the most preferred than bovine for several reasons. Fulfilling the needs of Muslim consumption is dif ferent because of the demand for halal food and healthy food, even though Muslims live in a non - state Muslim. It is therefore important to increase knowledge of the use of halal foods. According to Riaz and Chaundry (2004) [6 6 ] , religion, race, information , perception and others are several factors which influence consumption. Islam forbids Khamr, goats, dogs, etc. Jewish also have a law called Kosher, whereas Hinduism and Buddhists are determined not to eat cattle or be vegetarian [4] . Shaari and Arifin (2 010) [6 7 ] clarify that halal awareness is the degree of information Muslim consumers need to find and consume halal products in compliance with the Sharia law. The development of halal awareness - related research over s everal years is rapidly growing [5];[6 8 ] - [6 9 ] . Halal food is also a power pull business in non - Muslim countries [6 8 ] . According to The Halal Journal (2008), the estimated total halal - based goods and services industry in the world is worth more than USD 1 trillion, including tourism and hospita lity (restaurants and hotels complying with Sharia law) finance, beauty, and so on [5] . Yunus et al., (2013) [ 70 ] claims that a Muslim's halal consciousness has a major effect on the purchasing intention of consumers [5] . Awareness is the capacity to perce ive, sense, and be aware of events and things. Knowledge was believed to be an important role in deciding the decision to select [6] . Bashir et al. (2018) [ 7 1 ] demonstrate that there is a major impact between perception and buying actions. The surprising part is only the aspects of behaviours that have a significant relationship with the purchasing goal, whereas the subjective norms and behavioural regulation (pe rceived behavioural control) have shown no significant relationship. In addition, the study conducted by Machali Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 536535
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